Why this matters
Demographic composition shapes every other number on a school profile. High-poverty schools face structural headwinds — not because of students themselves, but because of funding gaps, staff turnover, and reduced access to enrichment. The Free/Reduced Lunch rate is the most-cited poverty proxy in US K-12 data. Trend it alongside teacher turnover and chronic absence for the clearest picture.
What we're seeing
At Mark Twain Elementary, student body composition has fallen 3% over the 5-year window — from 97% in 2020 to 94% in 2023. The gap vs US average of 52% (FRL) has narrowed — from 45% above in 2020 to 42% above in 2023.